Thomas Patterson for The New York Times
A computer-equipped buoy, 103 feet long and ultimately weighing 260 tons, being assembled and tested in Vancouver, Wash.
From Kirk Johnson at The New York Times
PORTLAND, Ore. — About 15 years ago, this environmentally conscious
state with a fir tree on its license plates began pushing the idea of
making renewable energy from the ocean waves that bob and swell on the
Pacific horizon. But then one of the first test-buoy generators,
launched with great fanfare, promptly sank. It was not a good start.
But time and technology turned the page, and now the first commercially
licensed grid-connected wave-energy device in the nation, designed by a
New Jersey company,
Ocean Power Technologies,
is in its final weeks of testing before a planned launch in October.
The federal permit for up to 10 generators came last month, enough, the
company says, to power about 1,000 homes. When engineers are satisfied
that everything is ready, a barge will carry the 260-ton pioneer to its
anchoring spot about two and a half miles offshore near the city of
Reedsport, on the central coast.
“All eyes are on the O.P.T. buoy,” said Jason Busch, the executive director of the
Oregon Wave Energy Trust,
a nonprofit state-financed group that has spent $10 million in the last
six years on scientific wave-energy research and grants, including more
than $430,000 to Ocean Power Technologies alone. Making lots of
electricity on the buoy and getting it to shore to turn on lights would
be great, Mr. Busch said. Riding out the storm-tossed seas through
winter? Priceless. “It has to survive,” he said.
Adding to the breath-holding nature of the moment, energy experts and
state officials said, is that Oregon is also in the final stages of a
long-term coastal mapping and planning project that is aiming to
produce, by late this year or early next, a blueprint for where wave
energy could be encouraged or discouraged based on potential conflicts
with fishing, crabbing and other marine uses.
The project’s leader, Paul Klarin, said wave technology is so new, compared to, say,
wind energy,
that the designs are like a curiosity shop — all over the place in
creative thinking about how to get the energy contained in a wave into a
wire in a way that is cost-effective and efficient.
“Some are on the seabed on the ocean floor, some are in the water
column, some are sitting on the surface, some project up from the
surface into the atmosphere, like wind — many different sizes, many
different forms, many different footprints,” said Mr. Klarin, the marine
program coordinator at the
Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development. “There’s no one-size-fits-all kind of plan.”
Energy development groups around the world are closely watching what
happens here, because success or failure with the first United States
commercial license could affect the flow of private investment by bigger
companies that have mostly stayed on the shore while smaller
entrepreneurs struggled in the surf. Ocean Power Technologies also will
be seeking money to build more generators.
“Wave energy is very expensive to develop, and they need to see that
there is a potential worldwide,” said António Sarmento, a professor at
Lisbon Technical University and the director of the
Wave Energy Centre,
a private nonprofit group based in Portugal. “In that sense, having the
first commercial deployment in the U.S. is very, very positive.”
Here in Oregon, the momentum of research appears to be increasing. Last month, the
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
— financed by the United States Department of Energy in collaboration
with Oregon State University and the University of Washington — deployed
one of the first public wave energy testing systems in the nation,
called Ocean Sentinel, about two and a half hours from Portland, in
Newport. The first device tested was a half-scale prototype from a New
Zealand company.
Fishing industry lobbyists and lawyers worry that a surge of wave energy
could repeat what happened when hydroelectricity came to the
Pacific Northwest
in a big way starting in the 1930s. Builders then did not think through
the dense ecological web that nature had devised around the tens of
millions of
salmon
— suddenly blocked from their inland spawning routes — that had over
millenniums become a cornerstone species for everything from bears to
birds.
“Our greatest concern is that they don’t do what they did with dams —
put a lot of them in the ocean and then just stand back and see what
happens,” said John Holloway, the secretary of Oregon Anglers, a
political action committee for recreational fishing. “We’re advocating a
go-slow approach.”
What has not changed is that the Pacific Northwest still has a siren
song for wave-energy dreamers in the big, consistent rolling ocean
swells that define offshore waters — and make many a boater seasick —
from Northern California through Washington State.
“Wave energy is essentially an accumulation of wind energy,” Charles F.
Dunleavy, the chief executive at Ocean Power Technologies, said in a
telephone interview. In the northern Pacific, he said, consistent winds
fuel consistent waves, and the distance they travel in their rolling
line creates a huge area of wave energy, or fetch, that a bobbing buoy
can capture. Other places with good fetch include some areas off the
coasts of Western Europe and South America.
But the project also hinges on squeezing out the tiniest of incremental
efficiencies in tapping the waves as they come. On the Ocean Power
Technologies buoy, which looks like a giant cannon stuffed with
electronics, company engineers pursued an insight that sailors have
known in their sea legs since the days of Odysseus: every wave is
different.
The onboard computer in each buoy, in communication with an array of
small devices called wave riders that float farther out in the ocean,
adapts, or “tunes” to each incoming wave, adjusting the way the giant
internal shaft rides up and down as the swell passes through. The
up-and-down motion of the shaft creates the electricity, which goes to
shore through a seabed cable.
In a nod to environmental concerns, the buoy was redesigned to remove
all hydraulic fluids, which some critics feared could contaminate the
water in the event of an accident; rack-and-pinion gears now drive the
mechanics. The three anchoring tethers, said Michael G. Kelly, the vice
president of operations at Ocean Power Technologies, were also built to
withstand a 100-year storm, but also with enough redundancies that even
if two anchors failed the third would be enough to keep the buoy in
place.
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